![]() In oral reading, this is reflected in the systematic variation of syllable onset intervals (SOIs). For example, in both, silent and oral reading of MRRL, syllables play a central role as units of pronunciation (see Breen and Clifton, 2011, 2013 Breen, 2014, 2018 Beck and Konieczny, 2021). Metrically regular and rhymed language (MRRL) tends to be rhythmized differently compared to normal text/prose reading ( Menninghaus and Blohm, 2020 de Arruda et al., 2022). Suprasegmental cues from preceding text material might even amplify this effect (compare Brown et al., 2015). Thus, stress expectation management ( Schmidt-Kassow, 2007 Schmidt-Kassow and Kotz, 2009a, b) may deviate gradually from lexical information, when the poem’s metrical grid and its rhythmic gestalt and melodic contour (see Schrott and Jacobs, 2011 Morgan et al., 2019 Scharinger et al., 2022) suggests so. Regarding rhythm and timing, oral reading of unfamiliar conventional poetic language can be challenging at times as it includes, e.g., processing of an infrequent or irregular syntax, adjusting atypical phrase boundaries, or retrieval and prediction of stress and accent cues, etc (see Attridge, 1995 Hanauer, 2001 Carper and Attridge, 2003 Yaron, 2008). Instead, the constant integration of sufficiently varying bottom-up information appears necessary to maintain a stable metrical pattern prediction. Results suggests that top-down prediction does not always suffice to maintain a rhythmic gestalt across a series of syllables that carry little bottom-up prosodic information. For intensity, however, the nPVI did not capture significant effects. For SOI the nPVI revealed a clear negative effect: When “tacks” occurred, lines appeared to be read less altering, and this effect was proportional to the number of tacks per line. Additionally, we calculated the normalized pairwise variability index (nPVI) for each line as an indicator for rhythmic contrast, i.e., the alternation between long and short, as well as louder and quieter syllables, to estimate the influence of “tacks” on reading rhythm. Syllable intensities, on the other hand, captured metrical stress of “tacks” as well, but only for musically active participants. Results show that the average articulation duration of metrically strong regular syllables was longer than for weak syllables. Both measures were supposed to operationalize how strongly a syllable was stressed. At the syllable level, we calculated the syllable onset interval (SOI) as a measure of articulation duration, as well as the mean syllable intensity. Participants were instructed to read the poems aloud and their voice was recorded during the reading. To investigate this, we manipulated poems by replacing regular syllables at random positions with the syllable “tack”. ![]() ![]() If bottom-up information such as the phonetic quality of consecutive syllables plays a functional role in establishing a structured rhythm, the occurrence of the lexically meaningless syllable should affect reading and the number of these syllables in a metrical line should modulate this effect. If the rhythmicity in reading loud is governed by the top-down prediction of metric patterns of weak and strong stress, these should be projected also onto a randomly included, lexically meaningless syllable. However, it is unclear how top-down and bottom-up processes interact. In reading conventional poems aloud, the rhythmic experience is coupled with the projection of meter, enabling the prediction of subsequent input. Center for Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. ![]()
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